Phrases
Consider a sentence like the one below:
(The)__________seem(s) all right.
You can fill in the blank with words like John, diligence, or dog, so these words are nouns. You’ll notice
that each of these nouns seems to occupy more or less the same function in the sentence: it’s “the thing
that seems”. Of course, you’re not going to get a sentence like Dog seems all right. You need The dog or
The old dog, or the old dog on the doorstep, or even the old dog that I saw yesterday. What this shows is
that groups of words can have the same function in a sentence as a single word. A word or a group of
words that has a particular function in a sentence is called a phrase. Sentences are divided into multiple
phrases, and the difficulty for most people is in identifying where each phrase begins and ends. The
sentence The dog seems all right has three phrases: the dog, seems, and all right. You can also have
phrases within phrases, as in The old dog that I saw yesterday seems all right, where the first phrase, the
old dog that I saw yesterday can be further divided into I, saw, that, and yesterday.
Phrase Types
In order to identify phrases successfully, you need to understand two principles: the headword and the
subject-predicate division. Phrases are divided into headwords and modifiers. For instance, consider the
phrases the dog, and the old dog. Each of these function like the single noun dog, so dog is the headword.
The words the and old modify dog; therefore they are modifiers. A phrase consists of a headword and
all of its modifiers. Thus, in the sentence The old dog seems all right, the first phrase is the old dog. (You
may think that all right is a modifier of dog, but it is not for reasons we will come to when we discuss
subjects and predicates.) Be careful. Sometimes modifiers can move around and be separated from their
headwords, especially adverbs, as in the following sentences:
Suddenly, he left.
He suddenly left.
He left suddenly.
In the sentences above, suddenly is an adverb modifying left.
Before we discuss subjects and predicates, it is important to look at the different types of phrases that can
occur in a sentence.
A noun phrase (NP) is a noun or any group of words that can substitute for a noun.
A verb phrase (VP) is a verb or any group of words that can substitute for a verb. A particularly
important type of verb phrase is the main verb phrase (MVP), which is the main verb of the
sentence plus accompanying auxiliary or helping verb(s).
An adjective phrase (AdjP) is an adjective or any group of words that can substitute for an
adjective.
An adverb phrase (AdvP) is an adverb or any group of words that can substitute for an adverb.
There is also a type of phrase called a prepositional phrase (PP), which consists of a preposition
followed by a noun phrase, as in to the dog. Prepositional phrases can function as adjective phrases or
adverb phrases, as in the following sentences:
The cat in the hat (AdjP: in the hat modifies cat)
He looks up the road (AdvP: up the road modifies looks)
Subjects and Predicates
A subject is a noun phrase that performs the action of the verb or precedes the verb be:
John seems all right.
John is all right.
It is often thought of as the topic of the sentence and generally (but not always) comes at or near the
beginning of the sentence before the predicate.
A predicate is a verb phrase followed by a complement, a noun phrase, adjective phrase, or adverb
phrase that completes the meaning of the verb. The predicate generally (but not always) comes after the
subject.
Together, a subject and predicate make up a clause. To have a complete sentence, you must have at least
one full clause.
One problem people often have in identifying the subjects of sentences is that they forget that whole
clauses can themselves function as modifiers of the headword of the subject phrase. Consider the sentence
below:
The old dog that I saw yesterday seems all right.
The subject of the sentence is The old dog that I saw yesterday, but it contains within it a whole clause—
that I saw yesterday—with its own subject: I. The clause The old dog seems all right is considered the
independent clause because it can form a sentence on its own. The clause that I saw yesterday is
considered a dependent clause because it cannot form a sentence on its own. Dependent clauses are
generally introduced by certain types of words such as relative pronouns or relative adverbs (words like
which, who, that, and where, which introduce dependent clauses called relative clauses) and subordinate
conjunctions and conjunctive adverbs (words like after, although, if, however, afterwards, and indeed,
which introduce dependent clauses called subordinate clauses).
The Main Verb Phrase
The main verb phrase consists of a verb and any auxiliaries attached to it, at least one of which must be
in the present or past tense. (The underlined phrase in Having lost his hat, he bought a new one is a verb
phrase, but it is not the main verb phrase, which bought).
In order to understand the use of auxiliaries, it is necessary to review the five principle parts of the verb:
infinitive, present tense, past tense, present participle, and past participle.
• The infinitive (sometimes called the base form) has no inflection. It is often preceded by the
word to, as in to go.
• The present tense is formed using allomorphs of {-s present tense}.
• The past tense is formed using allomorphs of {-d past tense}.
• The present participle is formed using {-ing present participle}
• The past participle is formed using {-ed past participle}
Important observations: Certain forms look alike and are often confused. The present tense some
singular and all plural verbs has a zero-allomorph of {-s present tense} and so looks the same as the
infinitive (to go vs. I go). Many verbs also have past tense and past participle forms that look alike (I
talked vs. I have talked). Also, it is important to remember that the past participle is talked, not have
talked, which is two separate words. In the preceding verb phrase have is in the present tense, and talked
is in the past participle form.
Auxiliaries, or auxiliary verbs, are often called helping verbs because they appear to “help” the main
verb in some way. Specifically, they combine with the main verb to provide some rather sophisticated
information.
The Other Half of the Predicate
As stated above, a predicate consists of a main verb phrase plus a complement. A complement is a noun
phrase, adjective phrase, or adverb phrase that completes the meaning of the verb. Some predicates do not
have a complement, as in I go. In these cases, the predicate consists only of a main verb phrase. Here are
some examples of sentences with complements:
I am a student (noun phrase)
I see a student (noun phrase)
I am unhappy (adjective phrase)
I am at home (adverb phrase)
Consider a sentence like the one below:
(The)__________seem(s) all right.
You can fill in the blank with words like John, diligence, or dog, so these words are nouns. You’ll notice
that each of these nouns seems to occupy more or less the same function in the sentence: it’s “the thing
that seems”. Of course, you’re not going to get a sentence like Dog seems all right. You need The dog or
The old dog, or the old dog on the doorstep, or even the old dog that I saw yesterday. What this shows is
that groups of words can have the same function in a sentence as a single word. A word or a group of
words that has a particular function in a sentence is called a phrase. Sentences are divided into multiple
phrases, and the difficulty for most people is in identifying where each phrase begins and ends. The
sentence The dog seems all right has three phrases: the dog, seems, and all right. You can also have
phrases within phrases, as in The old dog that I saw yesterday seems all right, where the first phrase, the
old dog that I saw yesterday can be further divided into I, saw, that, and yesterday.
Phrase Types
In order to identify phrases successfully, you need to understand two principles: the headword and the
subject-predicate division. Phrases are divided into headwords and modifiers. For instance, consider the
phrases the dog, and the old dog. Each of these function like the single noun dog, so dog is the headword.
The words the and old modify dog; therefore they are modifiers. A phrase consists of a headword and
all of its modifiers. Thus, in the sentence The old dog seems all right, the first phrase is the old dog. (You
may think that all right is a modifier of dog, but it is not for reasons we will come to when we discuss
subjects and predicates.) Be careful. Sometimes modifiers can move around and be separated from their
headwords, especially adverbs, as in the following sentences:
Suddenly, he left.
He suddenly left.
He left suddenly.
In the sentences above, suddenly is an adverb modifying left.
Before we discuss subjects and predicates, it is important to look at the different types of phrases that can
occur in a sentence.
A noun phrase (NP) is a noun or any group of words that can substitute for a noun.
A verb phrase (VP) is a verb or any group of words that can substitute for a verb. A particularly
important type of verb phrase is the main verb phrase (MVP), which is the main verb of the
sentence plus accompanying auxiliary or helping verb(s).
An adjective phrase (AdjP) is an adjective or any group of words that can substitute for an
adjective.
An adverb phrase (AdvP) is an adverb or any group of words that can substitute for an adverb.
There is also a type of phrase called a prepositional phrase (PP), which consists of a preposition
followed by a noun phrase, as in to the dog. Prepositional phrases can function as adjective phrases or
adverb phrases, as in the following sentences:
The cat in the hat (AdjP: in the hat modifies cat)
He looks up the road (AdvP: up the road modifies looks)
Subjects and Predicates
A subject is a noun phrase that performs the action of the verb or precedes the verb be:
John seems all right.
John is all right.
It is often thought of as the topic of the sentence and generally (but not always) comes at or near the
beginning of the sentence before the predicate.
A predicate is a verb phrase followed by a complement, a noun phrase, adjective phrase, or adverb
phrase that completes the meaning of the verb. The predicate generally (but not always) comes after the
subject.
Together, a subject and predicate make up a clause. To have a complete sentence, you must have at least
one full clause.
One problem people often have in identifying the subjects of sentences is that they forget that whole
clauses can themselves function as modifiers of the headword of the subject phrase. Consider the sentence
below:
The old dog that I saw yesterday seems all right.
The subject of the sentence is The old dog that I saw yesterday, but it contains within it a whole clause—
that I saw yesterday—with its own subject: I. The clause The old dog seems all right is considered the
independent clause because it can form a sentence on its own. The clause that I saw yesterday is
considered a dependent clause because it cannot form a sentence on its own. Dependent clauses are
generally introduced by certain types of words such as relative pronouns or relative adverbs (words like
which, who, that, and where, which introduce dependent clauses called relative clauses) and subordinate
conjunctions and conjunctive adverbs (words like after, although, if, however, afterwards, and indeed,
which introduce dependent clauses called subordinate clauses).
The Main Verb Phrase
The main verb phrase consists of a verb and any auxiliaries attached to it, at least one of which must be
in the present or past tense. (The underlined phrase in Having lost his hat, he bought a new one is a verb
phrase, but it is not the main verb phrase, which bought).
In order to understand the use of auxiliaries, it is necessary to review the five principle parts of the verb:
infinitive, present tense, past tense, present participle, and past participle.
• The infinitive (sometimes called the base form) has no inflection. It is often preceded by the
word to, as in to go.
• The present tense is formed using allomorphs of {-s present tense}.
• The past tense is formed using allomorphs of {-d past tense}.
• The present participle is formed using {-ing present participle}
• The past participle is formed using {-ed past participle}
Important observations: Certain forms look alike and are often confused. The present tense some
singular and all plural verbs has a zero-allomorph of {-s present tense} and so looks the same as the
infinitive (to go vs. I go). Many verbs also have past tense and past participle forms that look alike (I
talked vs. I have talked). Also, it is important to remember that the past participle is talked, not have
talked, which is two separate words. In the preceding verb phrase have is in the present tense, and talked
is in the past participle form.
Auxiliaries, or auxiliary verbs, are often called helping verbs because they appear to “help” the main
verb in some way. Specifically, they combine with the main verb to provide some rather sophisticated
information.
The Other Half of the Predicate
As stated above, a predicate consists of a main verb phrase plus a complement. A complement is a noun
phrase, adjective phrase, or adverb phrase that completes the meaning of the verb. Some predicates do not
have a complement, as in I go. In these cases, the predicate consists only of a main verb phrase. Here are
some examples of sentences with complements:
I am a student (noun phrase)
I see a student (noun phrase)
I am unhappy (adjective phrase)
I am at home (adverb phrase)
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